366. Definition In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have I, the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say

(1) agricultural income means agricultural income as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to Indian income tax;

(2) an Anglo Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only;

(3) article means an article of this Constitution;

(4) borrow includes the raising of money by the grant of annuities, and loan shall be construed accordingly;

(5) clause means a clause of the article in which the expression occurs;

(6) corporation tax means any tax on income, so far as that tax is payable by companies and is a tax in the case of which the following conditions are fulfilled;

(6) (a) that it is not chargeable in respect of agricultural income;

(6) (b) that no deduction in respect of the tax paid by companies is, by any eanctments which may apply to the tax, authorised to be made from dividends payable by the companies to individuals;

(6) (c) that no provision exists for taking the tax so paid into account in computing for the purposes of Indian income tax the total income of individuals receiving such dividends, or in computing the India income tax payable by, so refundable to, such individuals;

(7) corresponding Province, corresponding Indian State or corresponding State means in cases of doubt such Province, Indian State or State as may be determined by the President to be the corresponding Province, the corresponding India State or the corresponding State, as the case may be, for the particular purpose in question;

(8) debt includes any liability in respect of any obligation to repay capita; sums by way of annuity and any liability under any guarantee, and debt charges shall be construed accordingly;

(9) estate duty means a duty to be assessed on or by reference to the principal value, ascertained in accordance with such rules as may be prescribed by or under laws made by Parliament or the Legislature of a State relating to the duty, of all property passing upon death or deemed, under the provisions of the said laws, so to pass;

(10) existing law means any law, Ordinance, order, bye law, rule or regulation passed or made before the commencement of this Constitution by any Legislature, authority or person having power to make such a law, Ordinance, order, bye law, rule or regulation;

(11) Federal Court means the Federal Court constituted under the Government of India Act, 1935;

(12) goods includes all materials, commodities, and articles;

(13) guarantee includes any obligation undertaken before the commencement of this Constitution to make payments in the event of the profits of an undertaking falling short of a speficied amount;

(14) High Court means any court which is deemed for the purposes of this Constitution to be a High Court for any State and includes

(14) (a) any Court in the territory of India constituted or reconstituted under this Constitution as a High Court, and

(14) (b) any other Court in the territory of India which may be declared by Parliament by law to be a High Court for all or any of the purposes of this Constitution;

(15) Indian State means any territory which the Government of the Dominion of India recognised as such a State;

(16) Part means a part of this Constitution;

(17) pension means a pension, whether contributory or not, of any kind whatsoever payable to or in respect of any person, and includes retired pay so payable, a gratuity so payable and any sum or sums so payable by way of the return, with or without interest thereon or any other addition thereto, of subscriptions to a provident fund;

(18) Proclamation of Emergency means a Proclamation issued under clause (1) of Article 352;

(19) public notification means a notification in the Gazette of India, or, as the case may be, the Official Gazette of a State;

(20) railway does not include

(20) (a) a tramway wholly within a municipal area, or

(20) (b) any other line of communication wholly situate in one State and declared by Parliament by law not to be a railway;

(22) Rules means the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty sixth Amendment) Act 1971, was recognised by the President as the Ruler of an India State or any person who, at any time before such commencement, was recognised by the President as the successor of such Ruler;

(23) Schedule means a Schedule to this Constitution;

(24) Scheduled Castes means such cases, races or tribes or parts of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under Article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purposes of this Constitution;

(25) Scheduled Tribes means such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution;

(26) securities includes stock;

(27) sub clause means a sub clause of the clause in which the expression occurs;

(28) taxation includes the imposition of any tax or impost, whether general or local or special, and tax shall be construed accordingly;

(29) tax on income includes a tax in the nature of an exceee profits tax;

(29A) tax on the sale or purchase of goods includes;

(29) (a) a tax on the transfer, otherwise than in pursuance of a contact, or property in any goods for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration;

(29) (b) a tax on the transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some other form) invoked in the execution of a works contract;

(29) (c) a tax on the delivery of goods on hire purchase or any system or payment by instalments;

(29) (d) a tax on the transfer of the rights to use any goods for any purpose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration;

(29) (e) a tax on the supply of goods by any unincorporated association or body or persons to a member thereof for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration;

(29) (f) a tax on the supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner whatsoever, of goods, being food or any other article for human consumption or any drink (whether or not intoxicating), where such supply or service, is for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration, and such transfer, delivery or supply and a purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer, delivery or supply is made;

(30) Union territory means any Union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not spcified in that Schedule

19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc.,

(1) All citizens shall have the right

(1) (a) to freedom of speech and expression;

(1) (b) to assemble peacefully and without arms;

(1) (c) to form associations or unions;

(1) (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;

(1) (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and

(1) (f) omitted

(1) (g) to practice any profression, or tocarry on any occupation, trade or business

(2) Nothing in sub clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, freindly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence

(3) Nothing in sub clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from amking any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause

(4) Nothing in sub clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause

(5) Nothing in sub clause (d) and (e) of the said clause shall affect the operation of existing law is so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of any Scheduled Tribe.

(6) Nothing in sub clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrctions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause, and in particular, nothing in the said sub clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in sofar as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,

(6) (i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or

(6) (ii) the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controller by the State, or any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise

	Definitions
Preamble
342	Scehduled Tribes
366	Definitions
	Educational, Economic and Public Employment-related Safeguards
15	Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
16	Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
19	Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
46	Promotion of Educational and Economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections
335	Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts
	Political Safeguards
330	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People
332	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States
334	Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years
243D	Reservation of seats (in Panchayats)
243T	Reservation of Seats
	Agency for monitoring safeguards
338A	National Commission for Scheduled Tribe
	Other provisions applicable to specififc states
164 (1)	Article 164 (1) provides that the States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesha and Odisha there shall be a minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and backward classes or any other work
371A	has special provisions with respect to the State of Nagaland
371B	has special provisions with respect to the State of Assam
371C	has special provisions with respect to the State of Manipur
371F	has special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim

338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribe

(1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as National Commission for the Scheduled Tribes

(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and three other Members and the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members so appointed shall be such as the President by rule determine

(3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal

(4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure

(5) It shall be the duty of the Commission –

(5) (a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards;

(5) (b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of righs and safeguards of the Scheduled Tribes;

(5) (c) to participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State;

(5) (d) to present to the President, anually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;

(5) (e) to make in such reports recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes; and

(5) (f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify

(6) The President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the Union and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations

(7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter with which any State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the Governor of the State who shall cause it to be laid before the Legislature of the State along with a memorenadum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the State and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommenations

(8) The commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in sub-clause (a) or inquiring into any complaint referred in sub-clause (b) or clause (5), have all the powers of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in respect of the following matters, namely –

(8) (a) summonning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him on oath;

(8) (b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;

(8) (c) receiving evidence on affidavits;

(8) (d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office;

(8) (e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;

(8) (f) any other matter which the President may, by rule, determine

(9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting Scheduled Tribes.

338. Special Officer for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, etc.

(1) There shall be a Special Officer for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to be appointed by the President

(2) It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution and report to the President upon the working of those safeguards at such intervals as the President may direct, and the President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament

(3) In this article references to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be construed as including references to such other backward classes as the President may, on receipt of the report of a Commission appointed under clause (1) of the Article 340, by order specify and also to the Anglo Indian community.

335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.

46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.